#Asymmetric Synthesis

[conclubiltz]

ALL Chemistry Inc. is your reliable partner for contract research and advanced synthesis and analysis. We specialize in providing professional chemical products and custom solutions for pharmaceutical and biotechnological industries and research institutions on a global scale. For details visit: https://www.all-chemistry.com/pages/asymmetricsynthesis.html

[whats-in-a-sentence]

This asymmetric synthesis (figure 17.32) uses the chiral BINAP complex.

"Chemistry" 2e - Blackman, A., Bottle, S., Schmid, S., Mocerino, M., Wille, U.

[thealexchen]

Why Dontnod's games feel original and inspired (and why Deck Nine's games don't)

So, I've talked at length about how Double Exposure feels much more like a corporate product than a playable piece of art entertainment [My initial thoughts on the DE trailer] [My thoughts on the early access paywall] [My thoughts on the weird marketing].

But now with the release of Lost Records, I feel like I have no choice but to confront the question: were any of Deck Nine's games truly original or inspired in any way? And honestly, I have to say no.

Objectively, I could say it's because Deck Nine literally has not produced any original IP's since their rebrand from Idol Minds in 2017. Their only narrative adventure games are all part of the LiS franchise. But even their most original game, True Colors, pretty obviously follows the first game's narrative formula (young woman with a superpower investigates a sudden disappearance/death in a small town with a dark secret, has two opposite sex love interests, learns about a twist villain, is nearly murdered, and goes through a psychological nightmare in the last episode) to a tee. But oh look, there's also a LARP!

But I believe there's more to it than that, because when I look at Dontnod's games, they are always inspired by other works. Life is Strange 1 plays very clear homage to Twin Peaks with the Pacific Northwest setting and Rachel Amber resembling Laura Palmer. Max Caulfield is named after the protagonist of The Catcher in the Rye, another novel about the fleeting innocence of childhood and superficiality of society. Life is Strange borrows tropes from Donnie Darko, Groundhog Day, The Girl With the Dragon Tattoo, Stand By Me, and even Blue is The Warmest Color for its themes and plot points. Just take a look at its "Shout-out" page on TV Tropes. And the result is... something completely original, with riveting plot twists, memorable characters, and an ending that will make you cry.

This shouldn't make sense, right? You'd think this big soup of references would turn into an indistinguishable mess of cliches, but Life is Strange managed to be a synthesis of everything the writers loved and were inspired by, to become something completely new. Why? Because nobody had tried to take Twin Peaks, Donnie Darko, and The Catcher in the Rye and turn it into a video game before! And make it gay!

The point being, Dontnod consistently makes original material because they take creative risks. This is definitely not done lightly, since they still need to be a company that generates profit, but they still prioritize making art over selling out. Their stories feel inspired because they are inspired; when writers love what they're writing about, the result is a passion project that has loving, clever nods to all the works that are woven into it.

So perhaps a way to reword that first question is to then ask, "Have Deck Nine's games ever been inspired by anything?" And unfortunately, the answer is still no. Instead, they just copy what they hope will sell well. And a bland imitation for the sake of generating profit is never going to produce anything that feels original.

This takes me back to Lost Records, which is also clearly inspired by the same works: Twin Peaks, It: Chapter One, The Craft, The Blair Witch Project, The Goonies, Stand By Me. But again, no other game studio besides Dontnod has ever looked at these works and thought, "But what if it starred teenage lesbians instead?" Or, more specifically: "How do we capture the spirit of what made these media great and incorporate that into a new story for a new audience?" And those characters have so much thought and care poured into them too: while I've been disappointed that Double Exposure Max looks airbrushed to hell and back, I love that the Bloom & Rage girls have asymmetrical faces, acne, freckles, body hair, skin discoloration, and diverse body types. Double Exposure is marketed as nostalgia bait for fans, where Max is reduced to a prettied-up, polished-up, representation of nostalgia, not even her own character anymore, in a game that otherwise has no connection to the original. Her quips are reduced to "Hey! Remember our good ol', dad-joke cracking, dorky Max Caulfield??" and her grief is shoved aside for "Hey, look at that appealing new love interest! Because we knoooow y'all love your sapphic romance, right?"

By contrast, Lost Records has only been out for 10 days, but I already feel like the girls are some of the most memorable characters I've come across in gaming for the niche they fill. Swann seems like your typical Max-like dork, except she's also a movie buff and giddy about bugs, horror, and the paranormal; and has clearly been affected by her mother's fatphobic beliefs. Autumn is a level-headed leader who always stuck to her desire to help others, and her Blackness naturally informs her desire to feel valued and not cause trouble in a small, very white, conservative town. Nora intrigues me so much for going from a fun-loving rebel punk teen to a more gender-conforming, capitalist-leaning, influencer businesswoman. And Kat feels like an evolution of Chloe's cynicism, where her scrappy charm belies an almost unsettling obsession with the occult and a deep, tragic chasm of rage at having to confront her mortality far too young. They make sense. They feel carefully written, genuine, and like real people.

But most of all, Dontnod's games have never felt like products. In fact, most of their characters have historically gone against the grain of what traditionally "marketable" characters are. The first LiS took all these aforementioned stories about straight white men and chose to remix and retell it through the eyes of a young, queer, time-traveling girl instead. Tell Me Why is the first AAA game with a trans protagonist, and Tyler is voiced by a trans actor in all the language dubs. Lost Records decided that it would tell its story through four queer teenage girls, with women writers onboard, and fucking own it. As long as Dontnod keeps making games that stick to their creative integrity, I'll keep respecting their vision in whatever they decide to create next. Also, maybe I should finally watch Twin Peaks.

Thank you for reading!

[literaryvein-reblogs]

Hi! Do you have tips on describing architecture? (Art nouveau style in particular)

Writing Notes: Art Nouveau Architecture

Art Nouveau - (French for ‘new art’) style of art that flourished between about 1890 and 1910 throughout Europe and the United States.

It is characterized by its use of a long, sinuous, organic line and was employed most often in architecture, interior design, jewelry and glass design, posters, and illustration.

It was a deliberate attempt to create a new style, free of the imitative historicism that dominated much of 19th-century art and design.

About this time, the term Art Nouveau was coined in Belgium by the periodical L’Art Moderne to describe the work of the artist group Les Vingt and in Paris by S. Bing (byname of Siegfried Bing), who named his gallery L’Art Nouveau. The style was called:

Jugendstil in Germany,

Sezessionstil in Austria,

Stile Floreale (or Stile Liberty) in Italy, and

Modernismo (or Modernista) in Spain.

The distinguishing characteristic of Art Nouveau is its undulating asymmetrical line, often taking the form of:

flower stalks and buds,

vine tendrils,

insect wings, and

other delicate and sinuous natural objects;

the line may be elegant and graceful or infused with a powerfully rhythmic and whiplike force.

Characteristics of Art Nouveau

Here are a few examples of the characteristics of Art Nouveau work in the visual arts, decorative arts, and architecture.

Natural shapes: Art Nouveau work is full of biomorphic shapes—or non-geometric, organic forms—that resemble flowers, insects, and other elements of the natural world.

Ornamental lines: Art Nouveau artworks—like the Paris Metro signs—frequently incorporate curvy, sinuous lines that mimic the swirling forms of plants or stems.

Flat, decorative patterns: In paintings and graphic arts, Art Nouveau artists tended to emphasize the flatness of the medium by creating small, densely packed patterns, like William Morris’s fabrics and wallpaper patterns, and the gilded motifs in Gustav Klimt’s paintings.

Byzantine influences: Artists like Gustav Klimt, with his mosaic-like gilded paintings, and Alphonse Mucha, who often painted the subjects of his paintings like Byzantine queens, drew influence from the ornate, embellished style of Byzantine art. Decorative artist Louis Comfort Tiffany presented his first Tiffany lamps in a Byzantine-influenced chapel at the World’s Colombian Exhibition in Chicago.

IN ARCHITECTURE and the other plastic arts, the whole of the three-dimensional form becomes engulfed in the organic, linear rhythm, creating a fusion between structure and ornament. Architecture particularly shows this synthesis of ornament and structure; a liberal combination of materials—ironwork, glass, ceramic, and brickwork—was employed, for example, in the creation of unified interiors in which columns and beams became thick vines with spreading tendrils and windows became both openings for light and air and membranous outgrowths of the organic whole. This approach was directly opposed to the traditional architectural values of reason and clarity of structure.

PUBLICATIONS such as The Grammar of Ornament (1856) by British architect and theorist Owen Jones (1809–1874), advocated nature as the primary source of inspiration for a generation of artists seeking to break away from past styles. The unfolding of Art Nouveau’s flowing line may be understood as a metaphor for the freedom and release sought by its practitioners and admirers from the weight of artistic tradition and critical expectations.

AFTER 1910, Art Nouveau appeared old-fashioned and limited and was generally abandoned as a distinct decorative style. In the 1960s, however, the style was rehabilitated, in part, by major exhibitions organized at the Museum of Modern Art in New York (1959) and at the Musée National d’Art Moderne (1960), as well as by a large-scale retrospective on Beardsley held at the Victoria & Albert Museum in London in 1966. The exhibitions elevated the status of the movement, which had often been viewed by critics as a passing trend, to the level of other major Modern art movements of the late 19th century. Currents of the movement were then revitalized in Pop and Op art. In the popular domain, the flowery organic lines of Art Nouveau were revived as a new psychedelic style in fashion and in the typography used on rock and pop album covers and in commercial advertising.

Examples of Art Nouveau Style in Architecture

Sagrada Familia, Antoni Gaudí: In 1883, Antoni Gaudí took over the construction of Barcelona’s Sagrada Familia basilica when architect Francisco de Paula del Villar y Lorzano resigned from the job. Though the project is still not completely finished, you can see Gaudí’s influence in the cathedral’s facade, accented with naturalistic moldings that almost look like they’re melting.

The Old England Building, Brussels, Belgium: Designed by architect Paul Saintenoy, the Old England building was constructed in 1899 and is considered one of Brussels’s Art Nouveau gems. The former department store now houses the Museum of Musical Instruments. Fittingly, the exterior is adorned with multiple panels showing musical phrases, as well as the standard Art Nouveau touches such as a floral motif and swirling iron details.

Casa Fenoglio-Lafleur, Turin, Italy: It was designed by architect Pietro Fenoglio in 1902 and it became his private residence. Fenoglio’s “home studio” was created to be an aesthetic model of the Art Nouveau style. Its most prominent features are the polychrome glass and intricate wrought iron bow windows, and a sinuous overhang above the terrace. The building’s history is rich; soon after the building was finished, the architect and his family left the house and sold it to a French businessman named Lafleur. He lived there until his death and it was passed on to La Benefica, an orphanage and charity in Turin. It survived bombing during World War II but then went into a state of disrepair. In the 1990s it was sold to a private client who restored it carefully to its original splendor and now it is home to private residences and some office space.

Majolikahaus, Vienna, Austria: Architect Otto Wagner was a key figure in the reinvention of Vienna at the turn of the 20th century. One of his most beloved works is the Majolikahaus apartment building, which was completed in 1898 and is decorated with a vibrant floral motif. The façade is comprised entirely of ceramic tiles known as majolica.

Casa Batlló, Barcelona, Spain: Gaudí brought his exuberant take on Art Nouveau to Barcelona, creating many of the city’s architectural landmarks. Casa Batlló, situated on the Passeig de Gràcia, is one of his best-known works and features allusions to the legend of St. George and the dragon. Its exterior is sheathed in colorful pieces of broken ceramics, while the roof is covered in scalelike tiles.

Sources: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 ⚜ More: References ⚜ Writing Resources PDFs

Choose which of these references are most suitable, considering the setting of your story, if historical accuracy is a high priority. Hope this helps with your writing!

[materialsscienceandengineering]

Biomimetic polymerization: Liquid crystals enable chiral polymer synthesis

By using optically active liquid crystals as reaction sites, researchers at University of Tsukuba have successfully achieved the living polymerization of polymers with aligned helical structures. In this process, optically inactive monomers adopt the chiral (mirror-image) structure in liquid crystals as they grow, resulting in optically active polymers. The paper is published in the journal Macromolecules. This advance represents a pioneering achievement in both asymmetric chemistry and polymer chemistry. Polyisocyanides are polymers distinguished by their helical structures, where the helix's winding direction (right- or left-handed) can be controlled through catalysts designed for synthesizing chiral molecules. This feature allows the exhibiting of optical properties such as circular dichroism and optical rotation in polyisocyanides, making them stable, optically active polymers.

Read more.

[johnritik]

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[lookchem]

17480-69-2 Prolinol as a Chiral Auxiliary in Organophosphorus Chemistry

Several strategies for the development of the synthesis of P-chiral organophosphorus compounds with (L)-prolinol as a source of chirality have been examined. A reaction of L-prolinol with a set of different alkyl/arylphosphonous acid diamides led in most of the cases to the quantitative formation of the appropriate bicyclic oxazaphospholidines with complete diastereo and enantioselectivity. The latter were reacted with BH3 complex and the formed borane analogues were submitted to structural modifications leading to tertiary phosphine-boranes. Additionally, the effectiveness of oxazaphospholidines as ligands in transition metal asymmetric catalysis has been tested in hydrogenation of dehydroaminoacid esters and imine. 

[cvrlifescience]

Rivaroxaban API manufacturers in India

Rivaroxaban API Manufacturers in India: A Key Player in the Global Pharmaceutical Market

Rivaroxaban, an oral anticoagulant, has become one of the leading drugs prescribed for preventing and treating various thromboembolic disorders, such as deep vein thrombosis (DVT), pulmonary embolism (PE), and stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation. As demand for this vital medication continues to grow globally, India has emerged as a significant player in the production of the Rivaroxaban Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API) manufacturers.

The Role of India in Global API Production

India has long been a global hub for pharmaceutical manufacturing, known for its large and diverse pharmaceutical industry. The country plays a central role in the global supply of APIs, supplying a wide range of pharmaceutical products, including generic drugs. India’s robust infrastructure, skilled workforce, and cost-effective manufacturing processes have made it a preferred destination for global pharmaceutical companies seeking reliable and affordable API suppliers.

In particular, Indian manufacturers have become key suppliers of rivaroxaban API, which is a highly complex and specialized compound. The production of rivaroxaban requires advanced technological capabilities, strict quality control measures, and compliance with regulatory standards. Indian manufacturers have demonstrated the ability to meet these high standards, making them competitive players in the global pharmaceutical supply chain.

Manufacturing Process and Challenges

Rivaroxaban’s complex chemical structure and intricate manufacturing process set it apart from other APIs. It requires several stages of chemical synthesis, with precision and expertise needed at each step. The process involves advanced techniques such as asymmetric synthesis, where chiral centers must be controlled with great precision to ensure the compound’s efficacy and safety.

For manufacturers, the challenge lies not just in the chemical complexity but also in maintaining consistent quality and purity, which is critical for a drug that directly impacts patient health. Ensuring the quality of rivaroxaban API requires adherence to stringent good manufacturing practices (GMP), high-quality raw materials, and continuous monitoring through each stage of production.

India's pharmaceutical manufacturers have made significant investments in research and development (R&D) to enhance the efficiency of their production processes. In addition, they are constantly working to reduce production costs without compromising on quality, which is an essential factor in ensuring that the drug remains affordable for a wider range of patients across the globe.

Regulatory Compliance and Global Reach

To remain competitive in the international market, Indian manufacturers of rivaroxaban API must comply with rigorous international regulatory standards. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the European Medicines Agency (EMA), and other regulatory bodies set stringent guidelines for the production of APIs, ensuring that manufacturers meet global standards of quality and safety.

Indian manufacturers often go through audits and inspections by these regulatory authorities, which test the entire production process, from raw material sourcing to final product delivery. This ensures that the API is safe for patient use and meets the required standards for efficacy.

Additionally, many Indian manufacturers hold certifications like the World Health Organization (WHO) prequalification and other international quality certifications, further bolstering their reputation as reliable API suppliers.

The Competitive Advantage of Indian Manufacturers

India offers several advantages for manufacturers of rivaroxaban API. The primary factors contributing to India's dominance in the API space include:

Cost-Effective Production: India has lower labor and operational costs compared to other countries, which allows manufacturers to produce rivaroxaban API at competitive prices. This cost advantage is crucial, especially for generic drug manufacturers who are targeting emerging markets where price sensitivity is high.

Skilled Workforce: Their expertise in synthetic chemistry and drug formulation is essential for producing high-quality APIs.

Regulatory Expertise: Indian manufacturers have extensive experience navigating the complex regulatory landscape of both domestic and international markets. They are adept at meeting the various requirements set by global regulatory authorities, ensuring that their products are accepted in markets worldwide.

Infrastructure and Supply Chain: India's pharmaceutical manufacturing infrastructure is well-established, with numerous plants across the country that are equipped with the latest technologies. The country also has a strong logistics network, ensuring timely delivery of APIs to various parts of the world.

Research and Development: Many Indian manufacturers invest heavily in R&D to improve the efficiency of their production processes and to stay ahead of global trends. This focus on innovation allows them to produce high-quality rivaroxaban API while reducing production costs, making their products more accessible to a global market.

Future Outlook

The global demand for rivaroxaban, particularly in emerging markets, is expected to continue growing as awareness of thromboembolic disorders rises and the population ages. As the demand for generic versions of rivaroxaban increases, Indian manufacturers are well-positioned to expand their market share, leveraging their cost advantages and technical expertise.

However, the market for rivaroxaban API is also becoming increasingly competitive, with manufacturers from other regions, such as China and Europe, vying for market share. To maintain their leading position, Indian manufacturers must continue to invest in research, comply with international regulatory standards, and focus on sustainable manufacturing practices.

Moreover, with growing concerns around the environmental impact of pharmaceutical manufacturing, Indian companies are likely to face pressure to adopt greener and more sustainable production methods. The implementation of eco-friendly practices, such as reducing waste and energy consumption, will become an important differentiator in the coming years.

Conclusion

India’s role as a key supplier of rivaroxaban API is undeniable, thanks to its competitive advantages in cost, expertise, and regulatory compliance. As the demand for this important anticoagulant continues to grow, Indian manufacturers are poised to play a critical role in meeting global needs. With ongoing investments in innovation and quality control, India’s pharmaceutical sector is well-equipped to maintain its leadership in the global API market, ensuring that life-saving medications like rivaroxaban remain accessible to patients around the world.

URL: For more Information visit CVR Life Science :   Rivaroxaban (API) manufacturers in India

[symaxlabs99]

Diethylzinc Solution in India: Symax Labs Leading the Market

Diethylzinc (DEZ) is an organozinc compound recognized for its high reactivity and critical role in various industrial applications, particularly in organic synthesis, polymerization processes, and semiconductor production. This colorless, volatile liquid is pyrophoric, meaning it ignites spontaneously when exposed to air, making it a highly specialized chemical requiring meticulous handling. In India, Symax Labs has established itself as a leading provider of Diethylzinc solutions, meeting the growing demand from industries that depend on this unique and valuable reagent.

What is Diethylzinc?

Diethylzinc ((C₂H₅)₂Zn) is primarily used in solution form, typically dissolved in solvents like hexane or toluene, to make it more stable and easier to handle. Its most notable feature is its reactivity, particularly its sensitivity to air and moisture, which makes it indispensable in several high-tech and industrial applications.

Key Applications of Diethylzinc:

Organic Synthesis: In organic chemistry, diethylzinc serves as a key reagent in the synthesis of complex molecules. It is often used in asymmetric synthesis, a crucial process in the creation of pharmaceuticals and fine chemicals.

Catalyst in Polymerization: Diethylzinc acts as a catalyst in the polymerization of olefins, which is critical in producing polyethylene and other types of polymers used in packaging, construction materials, and consumer goods.

Semiconductor Manufacturing: Diethylzinc plays an integral role in Metal-Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition (MOCVD), a process used in the deposition of thin films for semiconductors like zinc oxide (ZnO). These thin films are essential for electronic devices, including LEDs and transistors, making diethylzinc a vital component in the electronics and semiconductor industries.

Pharmaceutical Industry: Diethylzinc is also used in the synthesis of pharmaceutical compounds, contributing to the creation of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and other essential drug molecules.

Symax Labs: A Leader in Diethylzinc Solutions

As the demand for high-quality diethylzinc solutions grows, Symax Labs has emerged as one of India's premier suppliers, providing reliable, safe, and consistent solutions for a variety of industrial applications. The company has built a strong reputation for delivering products that meet the highest standards of quality and safety.

Why Symax Labs?

Superior Quality Control: Symax Labs maintains stringent quality control measures throughout its manufacturing process. Each batch of diethylzinc solution is rigorously tested for purity and performance, ensuring that it meets the specific requirements of clients across different industries. This consistency in quality has positioned Symax Labs as a trusted supplier for companies in need of precision chemicals.

Safety and Expertise: Diethylzinc is a hazardous chemical that requires careful handling due to its pyrophoric nature. Symax Labs has invested in advanced safety protocols and state-of-the-art packaging solutions to ensure that diethylzinc solutions are transported and stored safely. The company adheres to international safety standards, providing customers with confidence in the safe handling and use of their products.

Tailored Solutions: Symax Labs offers customizable diethylzinc solutions, with different concentrations and solvent compositions to meet the unique needs of various industries. Whether a client requires a specific formulation for semiconductor manufacturing or pharmaceutical synthesis, Symax Labs is equipped to deliver bespoke solutions that meet exact specifications.

Commitment to Innovation: The team at Symax Labs is deeply committed to research and development, continuously working to improve the performance and efficiency of their diethylzinc solutions. By staying at the forefront of chemical research, Symax Labs ensures that its products remain competitive in the global market, providing cutting-edge solutions to customers.

The Growing Market for Diethylzinc in India

India’s industrial sector is experiencing significant growth, driven by advancements in technology, pharmaceuticals, and materials science. This expansion is leading to an increased demand for high-performance chemicals like diethylzinc, particularly in the electronics and semiconductor industries, which are undergoing rapid development.

With government initiatives like “Make in India” promoting domestic manufacturing, the demand for diethylzinc is expected to rise even further. The Indian semiconductor market, in particular, holds great potential, as local and international companies invest in building production capabilities within the country. Diethylzinc is a key precursor in the MOCVD process, making it essential for semiconductor fabrication. As a result, Symax Labs is strategically positioned to serve this growing demand with its high-quality diethylzinc solutions.

Symax Labs: Ready for Future Growth

Looking to the future, Symax Labs is preparing to expand its production capacities to meet the increasing demand for diethylzinc solutions in India and abroad. The company is also investing in new technologies and expanding its research capabilities to maintain its competitive edge. By focusing on innovation, quality, and safety, Symax Labs aims to continue being a trusted partner for industries that depend on diethylzinc.

Conclusion

Diethylzinc is a crucial component in many industrial applications, from organic synthesis to semiconductor manufacturing. As industries in India continue to grow, the demand for high-quality diethylzinc solutions is increasing. Symax Labs is at the forefront of this movement, providing reliable, safe, and customized diethylzinc solutions to meet the diverse needs of its clients. With its strong focus on quality control, safety, and innovation, Symax Labs is well-positioned to lead the diethylzinc market in India, helping industries achieve their production goals efficiently and safely.

[crystalglow-yss]

Is Crystal Magic Real? Is There a Scientific Basis?

The magic of crystals is often touted, but is there any scientific basis to these claims? The answer is yes! Scientific research supports many of the properties attributed to natural crystals.

Piezoelectricity in Crystals

Natural quartz crystals possess piezoelectricity, a property where they can generate an electric charge in response to mechanical stress. These crystals can release approximately eight million vibrations per second, harnessing significant energy.

Energy Resonance and Magnetic Fields

Crystals have formed over millions of years, resonating with the Earth's natural vibrations. This interaction endows them with a powerful positive magnetic field. Wearing natural crystals can help counteract the negative magnetic fields we are often exposed to, potentially influencing our daily lives, work, relationships, and studies.

Stability and Frequency Characteristics

Quartz crystals are highly stable both physically and chemically. Their piezoelectric and elastic properties make them ideal for use in precision instruments. Crystals exhibit high Q values, low motion rates, high sensitivity, and stability, making them essential for oscillators and filters in applications such as frequency synthesis, counting, navigation, guidance, facsimile, computing, communications, and timekeeping.

Types of Quartz Crystals

The most common form of quartz is low-temperature quartz, forming hexagonal, asymmetric prismatic crystals at surface temperatures. High-temperature quartz forms under elevated temperatures, creating symmetrical hexagonal prisms. High-pressure quartz, found deep underground or formed during meteor impacts, is another variety.

Crystal Analysis

Crystals have been known to release substantial energy, a fact recognized since ancient times. By the late 19th century, scientists discovered quartz’s piezoelectric properties. When pressure is applied to one end of a quartz crystal, the opposite end releases an electric charge. By the 1920s, scientists also identified the oscillation phenomenon in quartz, which maintains a stable, high-frequency vibration when electrically charged.

Due to this stability and high-frequency oscillation, quartz crystals are used in electronic components, forming the basis of modern electronics. Further research has identified five main functions of crystals:

Focus and Refraction Crystals can focus and refract light, making them useful in lenses for lasers and other optical applications. They can produce high-energy beams for various uses, from precision eye surgeries to large-scale applications like missile defense systems.

Data Storage Crystals can store information, a property utilized in computer memory chips. These chips use the piezoelectric properties of crystals to represent binary data. Modern advancements allow enormous amounts of data to be stored in very small crystal structures.

Signal Transmission Crystals are crucial in electronics for transmitting information. Their stable oscillation frequencies ensure minimal signal errors, essential for tasks ranging from timekeeping in watches to complex computations in computers.

Energy Transformation Crystals can transform energy from one form to another. For example, solar cells convert light energy into electrical energy using crystal-based components. Crystals facilitate the conversion of electrical energy into light, heat, sound, or magnetic energy, and vice versa.

Energy Amplification Crystals can amplify energy without changing its frequency. In audio equipment, for example, electrical signals passing through quartz crystals can be converted to sound energy and then amplified, maintaining the original signal frequency.

Symbolism and Varieties of Crystals

Beyond their scientific properties, crystals hold various symbolic meanings. Different colors and shapes of crystals are associated with specific symbolic meanings:

Red: Vitality, health, passion, hope

Orange: Excitement, joy, vibrancy, elegance

Yellow: Warmth, brightness, happiness

Green: Youth, peace, seriousness

Purple: Nobility, elegance, luxury

Gold: Honor, richness, splendor

White: Purity, sanctity, freshness

Black: Mystery, silence

Identifying and Differentiating Crystals

Clear Quartz: Natural clear quartz often contains inclusions like cotton-like structures, cracks, or gas bubbles, distinguishing it from synthetic counterparts.

Citrine: Authentic citrine, often sourced from Brazil, is recognized by its deep orange-red color and distinct color bands.

Amethyst: Natural amethyst exhibits color zoning and may have inclusions. Under sunlight, it shows a red or blue hue, differing from synthetic versions.

Rose Quartz: Although not frequently counterfeited, rose quartz’s authenticity can be checked by examining its inclusions and color variations.

Aquamarine: While not a true quartz crystal, aquamarine is often mistaken for topaz. Topaz is heavier and denser, making it distinguishable by weight.

Phantom Quartz: Natural phantom quartz may have been dyed or synthetically altered. Authentic examples have natural inclusions, whereas dyed versions show uneven coloring and may fade over time.

Strawberry Quartz: This type features red inclusions and is often confused with similar minerals like feldspar. Genuine strawberry quartz contains iron oxide, giving it a distinct red or pink hue.

The magic of crystals is supported by scientific properties and practical applications, enhancing their mystical allure and functional value. Understanding these aspects can deepen our appreciation and utilization of these remarkable natural wonders.

[meddoctorfree]

Unraveling Pseudoephedrine: Composition, Synthesis, and Flexibility

Pseudoephedrine, famous for its decongestant properties, has attracted attention for its chemical structure and adaptable applications. This article provides a concise overview of its composition, synthesis, and diverse uses beyond nasal relief.

Introduction: Pseudoephedrine, classified as a sympathomimetic amine, is renowned for its efficacy in alleviating nasal congestion. However, its chemical composition and wide-ranging applications extend beyond this primary function.

Chemical Composition and Structure: Pseudoephedrine, a chiral compound, shares structural similarities with ephedrine but possesses distinct pharmacological effects. Its stereochemistry, centered on a carbon atom adjacent to the amino group, yields two enantiomers, with the (+) form exhibiting pharmacological activity.

Synthesis and Production: Synthesis of pseudoephedrine involves chemical transformations starting from benzaldehyde or phenylacetic acid, although regulatory constraints have tightened due to concerns about illicit diversion.

Applications: Pseudoephedrine finds utility across pharmaceuticals, chemical intermediates, organic synthesis, and research. While primarily used as a decongestant, it also serves as chiral auxiliaries in asymmetric synthesis and is explored for potential therapeutic applications beyond nasal congestion.

Conclusion: Pseudoephedrine's versatility renders it a subject of enduring interest. As research unfolds, its pharmacological potential and industrial adaptability may expand further, opening up new avenues for scientific exploration and innovation.

[govindhtech]

Agilex 5 E-Series with Power-Optimized Edge Performance

Intel Agilex 5 FGPA

Agilex 5 E-Series

Altera’s latest mid-range FPGAs, the Agilex 5 FPGAs E-Series, are now supported by the recently released Quartus Prime Software v24.1, which can be downloaded right now. Intel are happy to announce that it is now simpler than ever and completely free of charge to take use of the unmatched capability of Altera’s Agilex 5 FPGAs E-Series with the introduction of the state-of-the-art Quartus Prime Software from Altera.

Intel Agilex 5

Free Licence: Get rid of obstacles. With the help of Quartus Prime Pro Edition Software v24.1, you may use the newest E-Series devices at no cost, enabling you to innovate beyond limits!

Streamlined Design Flow: Use Quartus Prime Software to see the smooth integration of intellectual property (IP)-Centric design flow. Their easily customizable design samples streamline the process of getting started so you can concentrate on what really matters your innovative ideas.

New Embedded Processing Capabilities: Make use of the Simics simulator-supported dual-core ARM Cortex-A76 and dual-core ARM Cortex-A55 of the Agilex 5 SoC FPGA, the industry’s first asymmetric processing complex. Additionally, Agilex 5 FPGAs may be combined with the feature-rich, performance- and space-optimized Nios V soft-processor for smaller embedded FPGA applications. Additionally, they collaborate with a number of partners who provide a top-notch suite of tools to improve your FPGA and embedded development experience, including Arm, Wind River, Siemens, Ashling, MathWorks, and many more.

Comprehensive Intellectual Property (IP) Portfolio: With their tried-and-true IP portfolio for Agilex 5 FPGAs, many of which are free, you may shorten the time it takes to market. Reduce the amount of circuitry used and make design timing closure easier with hard IP solutions for PCI Express, Ethernet, and memory protocols, which also support LPDDR5. With PCS’s Ethernet 10G MAC, you can guarantee deterministic and synchronised communication, enhanced by Time-Sensitive Networking (TSN) features.

This version includes the Video and Vision Processing (VVP) portfolio IP for Agilex 5 FPGAs, which enables the entire portfolio of video solutions, as well as additional IPs supporting MIPI D-PHY and MIPI CSI-2. Begin developing your Agilex 5 FPGA designs and rely on additional validated advanced features like JESD204C IP, ORAN IP, LDPC IP, CPRI, and eCPRI among others.

Unprecedented Capabilities: Altera FPGAs may be programmed with cutting-edge capabilities like the following using the Quartus Prime Pro Edition Software v24.1.

Agilex 5 datasheet

Dashboard for Quartus Software Exploration (Preproduction)

With distinct instances of Quartus Prime software, numerous projects running concurrently may be easily coordinated and the compilation and timing results can be seen.

Fresh Features for Compilation: Generation flow of precompiled components (PCCs)Utilising the new precompiled component (PCC) generation flow during compilation, shorten the time it takes to compile synthesis.Start the Simulator using the Quartus Prime GUI.Effortlessly start simulations straight from the Quartus Prime GUI by using the handy “Tools ➤ Run Simulation” menu item. Remove the need for extra procedures to streamline your workflow and save time.

Features and Improvements of Synthesis

Use the RTL Linter Tool to convert older RTL files to Verilog/VHDL standards with ease, optimise RAM inference for better speed and resource use, and reduce warnings in error-free RTL modules to increase readability while developing.

Improved Timing Indicator

Gain more flexibility in timing analysis and SDC scripting with new scripting options; guarantee design integrity with sign-off capabilities for particular combinational loops; and learn more about timing characteristics with enhanced Chip Planner visualisation of asynchronous clock domain crossings (CDCs).

Innovations in Advanced Link Analysers

Link Builder: Use the brand-new Link Builder tool to quickly and easily build high-speed serial connections. Streamline the connection creation procedure by automatically generating schematics and importing channels and devices.

High DPI Monitor Assistance: Benefit from improved readability and display quality thanks to GUI scaling for high DPI displays and automated DPI recognition. Enjoy enhanced usability and user experience.

Enhanced Data Viewer: With improvements to the Data Viewer, analyse forward error correction (FEC) code word faults more effectively. Error outcomes may be easily interpreted and analysed for more efficient error correction techniques.

Enhancements to Simulation Time:

Easy-to-use UI for automated import of devices and channels and schematics. Agilex 7 IP offers faster simulation times with the updated Q run and FEC models.

Qualities:

R-Tile: Transaction Layer (TL) multi-channel DMA IP (AXI) up to Gen5 x16 For flexibility in incorporating third-party PCIe Switch IP, use the bypass mode. A new design example for Gen5 x4 endpoint configuration is also provided.

F-Tile: Utilising FastSIM to reduce simulation time in PIPE mode and providing Ubuntu driver support for all sample designs.increased compatibility for up to 64 embedded endpoints.For greater coverage, the Debug Tool Kit (DTK) was added to the switch IP.

Become a Part of the Community: Hua Xue, VP & GM Software Engineering, remarked, “Intel’re excited to offer Quartus Prime Software v24.1, a crucial milestone in FPGA design.”

“Now, engineers everywhere can easily access the unmatched potential of Agilex 5 FPGAs E-Series.” Quartus’s simplified design process and these cutting-edge technologies allow engineers to reach their full potential for innovation. With their state-of-the-art processing capabilities, Agilex 5 devices transform embedded FPGA applications. These are enhanced by Quartus’s vast IP portfolio, which includes a variety of solutions like Ethernet, PCI Express, memory protocols like LPDDR5, support for MIPI D-PHY, CSI-2, and a suite of video solutions, among many other IPs.

The Quartus Exploration Dashboard offers a user-friendly interface and optimization recommendations, which further improve the design exploration process. Intel’re pushing both the simplicity of use and the fast compiler technologies with Quartus v24.1’s open access to E-Series FPGAs and a simplified design pipeline to enable engineers and innovators to unleash their creativity like never before.”

Intel Agilex 5 price

Normally marketed to corporations and incorporated into bigger systems, the Intel Agilex 5 FPGAs do not have a set pricing that is made accessible to the general public. A number of variables affect the pricing, including:

Model specifics: The Agilex 5 family has two distinct series (D and E) with differing logic cell characteristics and capacities. Models with additional features will cost more.

Volume: If you buy in large quantities, you may be able to negotiate a lower price with distributors or directly with Intel.

Distributor: Price structures may vary significantly throughout distributors.

Read more on Govindhtech.com

[coherentmarketinsights]

Future-proofing Strategies in the Mesitylene Market

The Unique Properties of Mesitylene: An Organic Chemical Compound What is Mesitylene? Mesitylene, also known as 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene, is an organic compound consisting of a benzene ring with three methyl substituents arranged symmetrically around the ring. It is a clear, colorless liquid that is insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. Mesitylene is classified as an aromatic hydrocarbon and is rarely found in its unsubstituted form in nature. Chemical and Physical Properties Mesitylene has the chemical formula C9H12 and a molar mass of 120.194 g/mol. It is a component of various essential oils obtained from plants and it has a sweet, pleasant odor often described as reminiscent of hay or grass. Mesitylene is denser than water with a density of around 0.86 g/cm3. Its melting point is -35°C and boiling point is 165°C. Being an asymmetric molecule, mesitylene exists as three structural isomers - 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene, 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene, and 1,2,3-trimethylbenzene. However, 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene is the most stable and predominant isomer found in nature. Production and Industrial Uses Commercially, mesitylene is produced through catalytic methylation of toluene or disproportionation of xylenes. It finds a variety of industrial applications where its properties as a non-polar organic solvent are exploited. Mesitylene is used as an intermediate in the synthesis of dyes, pharmaceuticals, and fragrance chemicals. Due to its inert and non-reactive nature, it is also used as a solvent in the industries that manufacture rubbers, polymers, resins, coatings, and agrochemicals. Mesitylene is combined with other solvents to make paint thinners and industrial degreasing formulations. It also serves as an important raw material in the production of synthetic musks and is commonly added to perfumes and incense formulations for its pleasant odor. Safety Profile and Regulations Being a hydrocarbon, mesitylene is considered combustible and somewhat toxic if inhaled or ingested in large amounts. The recommended exposure limits for mesitylene in the workplace are set at 25 ppm over an 8-hour time-weighted average by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH). Short-term exposure at concentrations above 250 ppm may cause irritation to eyes and respiratory tract in humans. Mesitylene is classified by the EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) as a VOC (volatile organic compound) due to its participation in atmospheric photochemical reactions and contribution to ozone depletion and smog formation. Most regulatory agencies require the amount of mesitylene in final products to be limited or substituted wherever possible by less hazardous alternatives. Proper precautions must be taken during the industrial handling and storage of mesitylene to prevent risks to human health and environment. Uses in Flavor and Fragrance Industry Mesitylene is a widely employed chemical in the flavor and fragrance industry. Its sweet, grassy aroma makes it a popular ingredient in the formulation of several perfume types including fougères, chypres and green floral fragrances. Mesitylene is commonly formulated at levels less than 1% to reinforce the top, heart and drydown notes of fragrances. In perfumery, it is frequently combined with galaxolide, hedione and other musks to lend a natural, green touch. The olfactory properties of mesitylene are also exploited in food and beverage flavors. It finds use as a flavoring agent in candy, baked goods, chewing gum, soft drinks and many other products to contribute notes of fresh hay or green grass. Mesitylene also enhances tobacco flavors and formulations. Its solvent properties further aid in the incorporation and stabilization of other aromachemicals in liquid fragrance and flavor concentrates.

[stardust-bridges]

Club Furies Premiere: Mwamwa - Treiiert [KPLR Label]

Mwamwa – pronounced mûamúa – is self-discovery through musical creation. Through a laboratory of unpredictable sound experimentation, in which complex patterns, generative synthesis techniques, and asymmetrical structures, as well as compositional resources, counterpoint, and irregular time signatures, become the substances. In the search for an ethereal style with a predominance of techno,…

[aissmseducation]

How Do Antibiotics Work?

Antibiotics are specialized medicines designed to combat infections caused by bacteria. The term “antibiotic” signifies “against life.” Antibiotic medications are commonly used for treating and preventing infections. Two classes of antibiotics are employed to halt bacterial growth: bacteriostatic and bactericidal. The primary distinction lies in the method of action. Bactericidal antibiotics cause direct bacterial death by preventing the production of bacterial cell walls, leading to an irreversible effect. Examples include beta-lactam antibiotics, cephalosporins, and vancomycin. On the other hand, bacteriostatic antibiotics prevent bacterial DNA replication and protein synthesis, with reversible effects. Examples include tetracyclines, spectinomycin, chloramphenicol, sulphonamides, trimethoprim, lacosamides, and macrolides. At high concentrations, bacteriostatic antibiotics may also exhibit bactericidal effects.

These drugs are available in various forms, such as tablets, capsules, liquids, creams, and ointments. While many antibiotics require a prescription, certain creams and ointments are available over the counter. Their primary function is to eliminate or hinder the growth of bacteria in the body. Antibiotics combat bacterial infections by attacking the bacterial wall, interfering with reproduction, or blocking protein production.

Bacterial cells typically consist of a cell wall, cell membrane, and nucleus. The cell wall, an outer layer made up of peptidoglycan with cross-linked polymers, is crucial for resistance mechanisms and virulence factors, shaping the bacteria. Multiple layers of peptidoglycan, composed of glycans and peptide chains, form the bacterial cell wall. N-acetyl glucosamine and n-acetyl muramic acid combine to form the cell wall glycans, facilitated by transglycosidases. In the presence of penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs), glycine residues cross-link the d-alanyl-d-alanine section of the peptide chain. The bacterial cell wall can be likened to a hard outer layer composed of linked protein and sugar blocks, essential for the bacteria’s shape, strength, and resistance to hazardous substances.

β-lactam antibiotics, including penicillins and cephalosporins, commonly function by preventing the formation of bacterial cell walls. The main focus of β-lactam agents is on penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs). The β-lactam ring in these antibiotics mimics the d-alanyl d-alanine segment, a typical binding site for PBPs. Interaction with the β-lactam ring prevents PBPs from participating in new peptidoglycan synthesis, ultimately causing the breakdown of the peptidoglycan layer and bacterial lysis.

Folic acid is essential for DNA and RNA synthesis, as well as for the processes of growth and multiplication. Humans obtain folic acid from the diet, while bacteria need to produce their own. Trimethoprim and sulphonamides inhibit different stages of folic acid production. Sulphonamide binds to the enzyme dihydropteroate synthase, preventing the conversion of para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) into dihydrofolate (DHF). Trimethoprim inhibits the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase, necessary for producing tetrahydrofolate (THF). Together, trimethoprim and sulphonamide work synergistically to lower the rate of resistance mutation development.

Antibiotics that block protein synthesis typically target bacterial ribosomes, essential for protein synthesis. Bacterial ribosomes have two asymmetrical subunits, 30S and 50S. Aminoglycosides like gentamicin and streptomycin bind to the 30S subunit, preventing the formation of the initiation complex. This binding causes mRNA misreading and the addition of incorrect amino acids to the growing polypeptide chain, leading to bacterial cell death by releasing toxic or nonfunctional proteins. Understanding these mechanisms of action is crucial for selecting the right antibiotics for specific infections and avoiding resistance development.

Name: Vrushali Shantaram Dongare

Class: M. Pharm (Sem- III)

Department: Pharmacology

More details- https://aissmscop.com/how-do-antibiotics-work/